Acid throwing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Acid throwing, also called an acid attack,[1] a vitriol attack or vitriolage, is a form of violentassault[2][3][4] defined as the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive substance onto the body of another "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill."[5] Perpetrators of these attacks throw acid at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them, and damaging skin tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones.[6] The most common types of acid used in these attacks are sulfuric and nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid is sometimes used, but is much less damaging.[7] The long term consequences of these attacks may include blindness, as well as permanent scarring of the face and body,[8][9][1. Today, acid attacks are reported in many parts of the world. Since the 1. 99. 0s, Bangladesh has been reporting the highest number of attacks and highest incidence rates for women,[1. Bangladeshi people acid attacked between 1. Although acid attacks occur all over the world, including in Europe and the United States, this type of violence is mainly concentrated in South Asia.[1. 'Slow Acid' is a song by Scottish DJ and producer Calvin Harris for his fourth studio album, Motion (2014). It was released on 14 October 2014 as the album's first. Acid throwing, also called an acid attack, a vitriol attack or vitriolage, is a form of violent assault defined as the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive. What Exactly is Hydrochloric Acid & Where is it Found? Hydrochloric acid sounds like a scary substance and, in fact, it can be. However, you may be surprised to learn. Health effects[edit]The most notable effect of an acid attack is the lifelong bodily disfigurement. According to the Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan, there is a high survival rate amongst victims of acid attacks. Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls in Pakistan by Promoting Women’s and Girls’ Empowerment, a project from ASF in partnership with Group Development. Clinically Tested Ingredients to help aid weight loss; Jump Start Weight Loss with the confidence you need; Apidexin's Ingredients have been shown in clinical tests. Consequently, the victim is faced with physical challenges, which require long- term surgical treatment, as well as psychological challenges, which require in- depth intervention from psychologists and counselors at each stage of physical recovery.[1. These far- reaching effects on their lives impact their psychological, social and economic viability in communities.[5]Medical[edit]The medical effects of acid attacks are extensive. As a majority of acid attacks are aimed at the face,[1. The severity of the damage depends on the concentration of the acid and the time before the acid is thoroughly washed off with water or neutralized with a neutralizing agent. The acid can rapidly eat away skin, the layer of fat beneath the skin, and in some cases even the underlying bone. Eyelids and lips may be completely destroyed, the nose and ears severely damaged.[1. ![]() Though not exhaustive, their findings included: [1. The skull is partly destroyed/deformed and hair lost. Ear cartilage is usually partly or totally destroyed; deafness may occur. Eyelids may be burned off or deformed, leaving the eyes extremely dry and prone to blindness. Acid directly in the eye also damages sight, sometimes causing blindness in both eyes. The nose can become shrunken and deformed; the nostrils may close off completely due to destroyed cartilage. The mouth becomes shrunken and narrow, and it may lose its full range of motion. Girls - Here is Sexy Girls and Cold Beer (35 pics) entry added to the Girls section on Acidcow.com. Laxmi is an International Women of Courage and the campaigner with a mission to Stop Acid Attacks. Knowing the Laxmi’s long journey & her struggle to ensure justice. New Delhi (CNN)-- It was a photo shoot that caught India's attention. Five courageous survivors of acid attacks posed for portraits. In a country where. Sometimes, the lips may be partly or totally destroyed, exposing the teeth. Eating and speaking can become difficult. Scars can run down from the chin to neck area, shrinking the chin and extremely limiting range of motion in the neck. Inhalation of acid vapors usually creates respiratory problems, exacerbated restricted airway pathways (the esophagus and nostrils) in acid patients. In addition to these above- mentioned medical effects, acid attack victims face the possibility of septicemia, renal failure, skin depigmentation, and even death.[1. Psychological[edit]Acid assault survivors face many mental health issues upon recovery. One study showed that when compared to published Western norms for psychological well- being, non- Caucasian acid attack victims reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and scored higher on the Derriford appearance scale, which measures psychological distress due to one's concern for their appearance. Additionally, the women reported lowered self- esteem according to the Rosenberg scale and increased self- consciousness, both in general and in the social sphere.[2. In some countries such as Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Kuwait, acid attack victims are psychologically persecuted after the acid attack. The media overwhelmingly avoids reporting acid attack related violence; if covered, the description of the attack is spartan, and often implies that the act was inevitable or even justified.[2. In addition to medical and psychological effects, many social implications exist for acid survivors, especially women.[1. For example, such attacks usually leave victims handicapped in some way, rendering them dependent on either their spouse or family for everyday activities, such as eating and running errands. These dependencies are increased by the fact that many acid survivors are not able to find suitable work, due to impaired vision and physical handicap. This negatively impacts their economic viability, causing hardships on the families/spouses that care for them. As a result, divorce rates are high, with abandonment by husbands found in 2. Uganda (compared to only 3 percent of wives abandoning their disfigured husbands).[1. Moreover, acid survivors who are single when attacked almost certainly become ostracized from society, effectively ruining marriage prospects.[2. Prevention[edit]Research has prompted many solutions to the increasing incidence of acid attacks in the world. Many countries look to Bangladesh, whose rates of attack have been decreasing, as a model, following their lead in many legislative reforms.[2. However, several reports highlighted the need for an increased, legal role of NGOs to offer rehabilitation support to acid survivors.[5] Additionally, nearly all research stressed the need for stricter regulation of acid sales to combat this social issue.[5][1. Role of NGOs[edit]Many non- governmental organizations (NGOs) have been formed in the areas with the highest occurrence of acid attacks to combat such attacks. Bangladesh has its Acid Survivors Foundation, which offers acid victims legal, medical, counseling, and monetary assistance in rebuilding their lives.[2. Similar institutions exist in Uganda, which has its own Acid Survivors Foundation,[1. Cambodia which uses the help of Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity.[5] NGOs provide rehabilitation services for survivors while acting as advocates for social reform, hoping to increase support and awareness for acid assault. In Bangladesh, the Acid Survivors Foundation, Nairpokkho, Action Aid, and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee's Community Empowerment & Strengthening Local Institutions Programme assist survivors.[2. The Depilex Smileagain Foundation and The Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan operates in Islamabad, offering medical, psychological and rehabilitation support.[2. The Acid Survivors Foundation in Uganda operates in Kampala and provides counseling and rehabilitation treatment to victims, as well as their families.[2. The LICADHO, the Association of the Blind in Cambodia, and the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity assist survivors of acid attacks. The Acid Survivors Foundation India operates from different centres with national headquarters at Kolkata and chapters at Delhi and Mumbai. Acid Survivors Trust International (UK registered charity no. Africa and Asia.[2. Acid Survivors Trust International is the only international organisation whose sole purpose is to end acid violence. The organisation was founded in 2. Acid Survivors Foundations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Uganda that it has helped to form. Acid Survivors Trust International has helped to provide medical expertise and training to partners, raised valuable funds to support survivors of acid attacks and helped change laws. A key role for ASTI is to raise awareness of acid violence to an international audience so that increased pressure can be applied to governments to introduce stricter controls on the sale and purchase of acid.[2. Indian acid attack survivor Shirin Juwaley founded the Palash Foundation[3. She also spearheads research into social norms of beauty and speaks publicly as an advocate for the empowerment of all victims of disfigurement and discrimination.[3. In 2. 01. 1, the principal of an Indian college refused to have Juwaley speak at her school for fear that Juwaley's story of being attacked by her husband would make students "become scared of marriage".[3. Regulation of acid sales[edit]A positive correlation has been observed between acid attacks and ease of acid purchase.[2. Sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid are most commonly used and are all cheap and readily available in many instances. For example, often acid throwers can purchase a liter of concentrated sulfuric acid at motorbike mechanic shops for about 4. Nitric acid costs around $1. Hydrochloric acid is also used for polishing jewelry, as well as for making soy sauce, cosmetics, and traditional medicine/amphetamine drugs.[7]Due to such ease of access, many organizations call for a stricter regulation on the acid economy. Specific actions include required licenses for all acid traders, a ban on concentrated acid in certain areas, and enhanced system of monitoring for acid sales, such as the need to document all transactions involving acid.[5] However, some scholars have warned that such stringent regulation may result in black market trading of acid, which law enforcements must keep in mind.[5]Treatment[edit]Treatment for burn victims remains inadequate in many developing nations where incidence is high. Medical underfunding has resulted in very few burn centers available for victims in countries such as Uganda,[1. Bangladesh,[3. 3] and Cambodia.[5] For example, Uganda has one specialized burn center in the entire nation which opened in 2. Cambodia has only one burn facility for victims,[5] and scholars estimate that only 3. Bangladeshi community has access to health care.[3. In addition to inadequate medical capabilities, many acid assault victims fail to report to the police due to a lack of trust in the force, a sense of hopelessness due to the attackers' impunity, and a fear of male brutality in dealing with their cases.[2.
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